我的眼睛看世界

2010年09月6日

代帝答僧

Filed under: 文化 — gcd0318 @ 17:36
代答代笔，本来是古代的一种特有的写作风格，甚至足以形成一种文体，就是作者模拟别人的口吻去写东西，写的却不是作者的思想和体验。比如李商隐的很多诗歌，模仿一些草木，或者怨妇吟等（而比如很多自以为怀才不遇的文人模拟美人香草的文章，也会被人解成代言文章，这却是不对的，这是假托，不一样）。老朽偶然读到一段僧慧远传，一时胡闹之心大起，便也来一段代帝答僧
周武帝历来是“三武一宗”中受诟病最深的一位，因为他的灭佛运动，持续时间虽然不是最长（也不过4年左右而已），但是贯彻的却最坚决（为了让佛教徒闭嘴，宁可连道教都一起灭掉）。但是其中，却出了个僧人慧远与之辩论，似乎慧远多少占到了点嘴头上的便宜，但是最后也只得一句“你早晚得下地狱”来给自己收场——毕竟，佛还是要灭的
其实依老朽看来，慧远的辩词，实在是多为狡赖之语，大略周武帝老实孩子，呵呵，没见过这阵仗，故而也没占到什么便宜。毕竟，佛家之人，于嘴官司上，是出了名的擅长，很可能其水平还要高于先秦的那些游说之士，而君王们，则由于很少需要靠理论来说服别人，因此于这门功课上，甚少修为，这才屡屡落败吧，毕竟，圣人教诲，巧言令色鲜以仁，嘴皮子太涮的，往往都不是什么好东西
君王尊贵，金口玉言，自然是不屑于僧人多废口舌，老夫恰闲而无事，不妨代帝答僧，以为戏言耳——毕竟，圣人也承认，玩笑俳戏有它的好处，诗经里还说，爱开玩笑的人不会是坏人嘛
僧问：陛下统临大域，得一居尊，随俗致词宪章三教。诏云：真佛无像。诚如天旨，但耳目生灵，赖经闻佛，藉像表真，今若废之，无以兴敬
帝答：虚空真佛咸自知之，未假经像
代答：僧既知真佛无像，何意反做无端之像，妄为虚妄之形，以求兴敬？真佛无像，则像非真佛，何来藉像表真？对像兴敬，是敬佛邪？是敬像邪？
僧问：汉明已前经像未至，此土含生何故不知虚空真佛？
帝无答
代答：是益可见众生乃敬像耳，非敬佛也
僧问：若不藉经教自知有法者，三皇已前未有文字，人应自知五常等法，当时诸人何为但识其母不识其父，同于禽兽？
帝无答
代答：三皇以前非独无经教，乃无法也，至三皇而肇始文字，乃有教化。无法而何谈经，何谈教
僧问：若以形像无情，事之无福故须废者，国家七庙之像岂是有情而妄相尊事？
帝答：佛经外国之法，此国不须，废而不用。七庙上代所立，朕亦不以为是，将同废之
代答：先祖有像而佛无像，佛祖亦不倡对像起敬，何以信众逆佛之意
僧问：若以外国之经非此用者，仲尼所说出自鲁国秦晋之地，亦应废而不行。又以七庙为非将欲废者，则是不尊祖考。祖考不尊则昭穆失序，昭穆失序则五经无用，前存儒教其义安在？若尔则三教同废，将何治国？
帝答：鲁邦之与秦晋封域乃殊，莫非王者一化，故不类佛经
代答：秦晋齐鲁皆尊王化，乃周王近臣子弟后裔，本为一系。立七庙而尊祖考，而佛非祖考，故不对像兴敬。佛家毁伤须发，亦是不孝，然则孝乃儒教之义，佛家人不得置喙
僧问：若以秦鲁同遵一化，经教通行者，震旦之与天竺国界虽殊，莫不同在阎浮。四海之内，轮王一化，何不同遵佛经而今独废？
帝无答
代答：震旦天竺同在四海以内，何不同尊孔孟？若天竺不可尊儒，震旦何需尊佛教化？
僧问：诏云：退僧还家崇孝养者。孔经亦云：立身行道以显父母，即是孝行。何必还家？
帝答：父母恩重交资色养，弃亲向疏未成至孝
代答：佛家不婚不嗣，是为大不孝
僧问：若如是言，陛下左右皆有二亲，何不放之，乃使长役五年不见父母？
帝答：朕亦依番上下得归侍奉
代答：役于朕左右而得财帛奉养二亲，是为孝敬当有之义
僧问：佛亦听僧冬夏随缘修道，春秋归家侍养，故目连乞食饷母，如来担棺临葬，此理大通，未可独废
帝无答
代答：目连救母非天竺佛家典故，不足为据。僧可有子嗣乎？僧无子嗣，则老而何依？赖它僧，则奈它僧归家侍养之时何
僧问：陛下今恃王力自在破灭三宝，是邪见人，阿鼻地狱不简贵贱，陛下何得不怖？
帝答：但令百姓得乐，朕亦不辞地狱诸苦
代答：释尊亦有下地狱之心，地狱不简贵贱，信然
僧问：陛下以邪法化人，现种苦业，当共陛下同趣阿鼻，何处有乐可得？
帝答：僧等且还，有司录取论僧姓字
代答：不言事理而口出无端，此诚佛家人也
其实我对这个慧远的反感由来日久，丫就是个投机分子，在佛家名气比较大，也仅仅是因为他做了大量和其他思想体系——尤其现实社会——对抗的事情而已。就比如他的“袈裟非朝宗之服，钵盂非廊庙之器，沙门尘外之人，不应致敬王者”，既然服装器皿和人都不是这个世界里的，那就该属于哪去哪，别在这个世界里混，更说明要大力提倡灭佛
应当说，以现实政治的需求来看，灭佛是必要的，应该的，但是它确实也对思想文化领域产生了副作用。只是，几次灭佛运动，未必对思想文化领域都是负面的影响，就比如会昌法难，虽然一举而摧毁了当时哲学所依凭的三教基础，让唐朝那种开拓进取昂扬灿烂的思潮为之一断，但是却引发了新的一轮倾向悲凉婉转和淡雅萧瑟的审美情趣，使宋朝理性的回归有了可能
最后，我也确实很怀疑这些宗教的目的。按照潘光旦教授的说法，基督教佛教这些宗教，对教徒（而不是普通的信众）要求很高，无论是品德还是才能都要达到一定的层次，但是同时，又不许这些人有后代，让优秀的基因无法遗传，让这些能为儿童提供良好的成长环境的人不能有子女，那么低劣的基因就必然得到了更多的繁殖机会，能够成长在良好环境里的儿童也相对减少，这在长期看来，是要降低社会水平和人种质量的
此言极其有理

27条评论 »

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